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Correlation, Causation & Confounders
Read a relationship without over-claiming cause, and spot confounders.
Inside this lesson
- Interpret the correlation coefficient r and its range from -1 to +1
- Identify confounding variables that may drive spurious correlations
- Distinguish between observational correlation and evidence for causation
- Describe the experimental conditions needed to support a causal claim
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Educational training content only - not professional, financial, legal, or data-governance advice, and not a promise of any business or analytical result. Examples are illustrative and use hypothetical data with stated assumptions and units. Third-party names are descriptive and imply no affiliation.